Country _ Name
United States
SectionTitle
Crowdfunding/crowdinvesting/crowdlending
Body
FinTechs belonging to this category operate crowdfunding, crowdinvesting and crowdlending platforms on which money is raised to invest in various projects, mainly start-up companies and real estate projects.

Crowdfunding is not a defined financial service, but generally used to describe donation-based crowdfunding (the investor donates the money to the project), reward-based crowdfunding (the investor receives an often symbolic consideration for his investment), equity-based crowdfunding (crowdinvesting: the investor participates in the profits of the financed project or acquires shares or debt instruments) or lending-based crowdfunding (crowdlending: the investor is reimbursed at the end of the project with or without interest).

Introduction

Attitude of the country towards crowdfunding, crowdinvesting and crowdlending platforms

In the United States, crowdfunding, crowdinvesting, and crowdlending platforms have seen significant growth and acceptance. Regulation CF allows issuers to raise up to $5 million annually through crowdfunding, subject to certain disclosure requirements. Regulation A+ permits issuers to raise up to $75 million annually with a streamlined "IPO-lite" process. Rule 506(c) allows for general solicitation in private placements if all purchasers are verified accredited investors. Recent investor-friendly amendments to these rules indicate a favorable regulatory stance towards crowdfunding.

Rewards-based and donative crowdfunding are generally not regulated as securities but may be subject to consumer protection laws, tax regulations, and state laws, though certain rewards could still be securities,

Crowdlending, including peer-to-peer lending, presents a more complex regulatory environment. While some non-bank lending activities remain less regulated, many peer-to-peer platforms are required to comply with securities registration or exemptions.




Legal affairs

Obligations and requirements to provide crowdfunding, crowdinvesting and crowdlending platforms described above

Regulation CF Crowdfunding Platforms: Platforms under Regulation CF must be registered with the SEC and comply with specific operational requirements. This includes conducting issuer due diligence, performing background checks, delivering educational materials to investors, implementing written policies and privacy measures, and adhering to rules on employee compensation and investor fund custody. Certain activities, such as handling investor funds or securities, are restricted.

Registered Broker-Dealers Operating Crowdfunding Platforms: Broker-dealers facilitating crowdfunding need FINRA approval but do not require additional registrations. They must comply with educational and disclosure obligations and perform due diligence on issuers. Many platforms utilizing Rule 506(c) or Regulation A+ are operated by or route orders through registered broker-dealers.

Technology Service Providers Operating Platforms
: Platforms operated by unregulated service providers may be permissible if all regulated activities are handled by authorized third parties. Specific exemptions exist for Rule 506(c) platforms, provided they meet certain conditions.

Crowdlending Platforms: While non-bank lending is mostly unregulated, peer-to-peer lending platforms often qualify as securities offerings, subjecting them to similar regulations as other securities platforms.

Donation-based Crowdfunding and Reward-based Crowdfunding: Donation-based crowdfunding is generally unregulated. Reward-based crowdfunding may face restrictions under state sweepstakes and gaming laws, but is typically not regulated at the federal level.



Additional comments regarding the legal situation for crowdfunding, crowdinvesting and crowdlending platforms or what FinTech’s must be aware of in this business area

Issuers conducting international offerings should be cautious of potential integration issues with U.S. offerings, which could lead to complex regulatory challenges. For non-securities crowdfunding, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) actively pursues fraudulent or deceptive practices, ensuring consumer protection.

Securities issued under Regulation CF are subject to a one-year transfer restriction. During this period, they can only be transferred back to the issuing company, to accredited investors, to family members in cases like death or divorce, or in an SEC-registered offering. After one year, these securities can be freely traded. Regulation A+ securities also face transfer restrictions for affiliates, while Rule 506(c) are illiquid private securities.



Economic conditions

Market size for crowdfunding, crowdinvesting and crowdlending platforms and biggest companies in this business area

As of 2025, Regulation CF crowdfunding remains a small segment, increasing in popularity a few years ago when the maximum annual offering size increased from $1 million to $5 million, but retracting since then, with only about 550 successful offerings closing in 2024. Key players in this space include WeFunder, StartEngine, and Republic. Many Regulation CF crowdfunding platforms also facilitate investments through Regulation A+ and Rule 506(c).

In 2024, closed Regulation A+ offerings represented less than $1 billion, which is both a tiny portion of the private placement market. and a significant regression from prior years. On the other hand, Rule 506 (c) offerings have seen substantial growth both due to market acceptance and easier means of investor verification, totaled around $140 billion as reported in filings, representing a modest portion of the overall private placement market in the U.S.




Additional comments regarding the economic situation for crowdfunding, crowdinvesting and crowdlending platforms or what FinTech’s must be aware of in this business area

Crowdfunding platforms regulated as such generally face less regulatory burden compared to broker-dealers, partly due to the investment limits imposed on individual investors. Regulation CF crowdfunding platforms are
also tasked with ensuring issuer compliance with the regulation and providing educational materials to investors.




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